To address climate change, biodiversity loss and plastic pollution, Stockholm+50 must confront oil, gas and coal head-on.
Our planet is facing a triple crisis of climate, nature and pollution, with one common cause—the fossil-fuel economy. Oil, gas and coal are at the root of runaway climate disruption, widespread biodiversity loss and pervasive plastic pollution. The conclusion is clear and must be paramount when political leaders gather in Stockholm this week to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. Any effort to address these existential threats to human and ecological health will mean little as long as the fossil-fuel economy remains intact.
As the United Nations secretary-general, António Guterres, recently noted, fossil fuels are choking our planet. In the last decade, their combustion accounted for 86 per cent of global carbon dioxide emissions, for which just a few actors bear overwhelming responsibility. In fact, nearly two-thirds of all CO2 emitted since the industrial revolution can be traced to just 90 polluters, mostly the largest fossil-fuel producers.
Only the beginning
Yet, rather than reining in the polluters, the world’s governments are currently planning to allow more than twice as much fossil-fuel production in 2030 as would be consistent with the goal—agreed under the 2015 Paris Agreement—of limiting global heating to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels. And when it comes to the damage wrought by fossil fuels, higher global temperatures and intensifying extreme weather events are only the beginning.
Last year, the UN special rapporteur on toxics and human rights, Marcos Orellana, affirmed what frontline communities have long known: fossil-fuel production generates toxic compounds and pollutes air, water and soil. Air pollution from burning fossil fuels was responsible for about one in five deaths worldwide in 2018. Moreover, oil and gas are the building blocks of the toxic chemicals, pesticides and synthetic fertilisers which are pushing ecosystems and species to extinction. These fossil-fuel-based products perpetuate an economic and agro-industrial model which drives deforestation, destroys biodiversity and threatens human health.
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Fossil fuels are also behind the proliferation of plastics, which are accumulating in even the most remote areas of the planet, from the top of Mount Everest to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Ninety-nine percent of all plastics are made from chemicals derived from fossil fuels, predominantly oil and gas. The production of petrochemical feedstocks for plastics and the use of fossil fuels throughout the plastics value chain are boosting demand for oil and gas and exposing millions of people to toxic pollution.
Fomenting conflict
As if that were not enough, fossil fuels foment and fund violent conflict around the world. The fossil-fuel economy is enabling the war on Ukraine by the Russian president, Vladimir Putin, and the humanitarian crisis it has created. In the seven years after Russia illegally annexed Crimea, eight of the world’s biggest fossil-fuel companies enriched Russia’s government by an estimated $95.4 billion. Russia’s revenues from energy exports have soared since the invasion of Ukraine in February, which drove up prices. And big western oil companies, cashing in on the conflict, have raked in record profits.
Instead of facing accountability, the oil and gas industry and its allies are exploiting the Ukraine crisis to push for even more drilling, fracking and exports of liquefied natural gas all around the world. But new fossil-fuel infrastructure, which will take years to bring online, will do nothing to address the current energy crisis. Instead, it will only deepen the world’s dependence on fossil fuels, enhance producers’ ability to wreak havoc on people and the planet, and push a climate-safe future further out of reach.
As world leaders gather for Stockholm+50, breaking our addiction to fossil fuels should be the priority. Yet fossil fuels are conspicuously absent from the official concept note and agenda, and they are barely mentioned in the background papers of the three ‘leadership dialogues’ which are supposed to inform the summit’s outcome.
This omission is no accident. The fossil-fuel lobby has decades of experience sowing doubt about the damage the industry is causing and obscuring the link between fossil fuels and the toxic chemicals used in industrial agriculture and plastic products. When outright denial has not worked, the industry has touted false solutions, including speculative technological fixes, market mechanisms with gigantic loopholes and misleading ‘net-zero’ pledges. The goal is to divert political attention from the urgent action needed to end reliance on fossil fuels and scale-up proven approaches, such as renewable energy, agroecology and plastic reduction and reuse.
Transformative action
Such transformative action is precisely what Stockholm+50 must deliver. Participating governments and decision-makers must acknowledge that fossil fuels are the main driver of the triple crisis we face and they must set a bold agenda for halting fossil-fuel expansion, ensuring a rapid and equitable decline of oil, gas and coal, and accelerating a just transition to a fossil-free future.
One possible feature of such an agenda would be a fossil-fuel non-proliferation treaty—an initiative which has attracted wide support, including from thousands of civil-society organisations, hundreds of scientists and parliamentarians, more than 100 Nobel laureates and dozens of municipal governments. To spur progress, a broad range of stakeholders—including representatives of indigenous communities, governments, international institutions and academia—will gather tomorrow, the day before Stockholm+50 begins, for a Pre-Summit on the Global Just Transition from Fossil Fuels.
In parallel with the Stockholm meeting, an intergovernmental negotiating committee, convened by the UN Environment Programme, is gathering in Dakar to develop a legally-binding global plastics treaty. Crucially, the treaty will have to take a comprehensive approach which addresses the full plastic life-cycle, beginning with fossil-fuel extraction.
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If we have learnt one thing in the 50 years since the first Stockholm conference, it is that a future tied to fossil fuels is no future at all. To tackle the converging crises of climate change, biodiversity loss and petrochemical and plastic pollution, Stockholm+50 has no alternative but to confront oil, gas and coal head-on.
Republication forbiden—copyright Project Syndicate 2022, ‘Dismantling the fossil-fuel economy at Stockholm+50’
Nikki Reisch is director of the climate and energy programme at the Center for International Environmental Law in Washington DC. Previously, she was legal director of the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice at New York University School of Law.
Lili Fuhr is deputy director of the climate and energy programme at the Center for International Environmental Law.