Ending the pandemic requires not only an intellectual-property rights waiver but scaling up knowledge transfer and public production of vaccine supplies.
The decision by Joe Biden’s administration to stop opposing a proposed Covid-19 waiver of certain intellectual-property rights under World Trade Organization rules is a welcome move. The United States trade representative, Katherine Tai, acknowledges that ‘the extraordinary circumstances of the Covid-19 pandemic call for extraordinary measures’. While affirming that it ‘believes strongly in intellectual property protections’, the Biden administration ‘in service of ending this pandemic, supports the waiver of those protections for Covid-19 vaccines’. Already, the US decision may be persuading other rich-country hold-outs in Europe and elsewhere to follow suit.
While the rapid development of Covid-19 vaccines was a truly impressive achievement, it has been tarnished by constraints on global vaccine supply and the related inequities in distribution. As of May 4th, less than 8 per cent of the world’s population had received even one dose of any Covid-19 vaccine, while just ten rich countries accounted for 80 per cent of all vaccinations. The reason is not just that rich countries have been buying up all available doses—there also simply have not been enough doses to go around.
Largely artificial
But this scarcity itself is largely artificial. Vaccine production has been limited by pharmaceutical companies’ refusal to share knowledge and technology. Though the companies producing the approved vaccines have benefited from public subsidies and publicly-funded research, they nonetheless have taken advantage of patent protections to maintain a monopoly, limiting production to their own factories and a select few other companies to whom they have granted licences.
These patents are enshrined and enforced internationally through the WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which allows for action to be taken against countries that provide compulsory licenses allowing ‘someone else to produce a patented product or process without the consent of the patent owner’. It is this threat of legal action that led a majority of WTO members to propose a temporary waiver for Covid-19 drugs, vaccines, diagnostics and other technologies needed to fight the pandemic. And yet, even this minor step has been blocked in the WTO TRIPS Council, because (mostly) rich countries have been prioritising big pharmaceutical companies’ interests over global health.
A waiver has become all the more urgent with the coronavirus on the rampage across south America and India, where a near-complete breakdown of overstretched health services is resulting in a catastrophic loss of life. Worse, the rapid spread of the virus has already given rise to dangerous new variants. We absolutely must vaccinate as many people as possible before vaccine-resistant variants emerge.
Temporarily waiving IP rights is essential, but it is only the first step. A waiver agreement would address the previously insurmountable legal side of the problem. But much more will need to be done to make a ‘people’s vaccine’ universally available as soon as possible.
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Sharing technology
The next step is to push for concrete measures to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and technology. From Canada to Bangladesh, many potential vaccine producers with the required facilities have so far been denied the licences and technical know-how to proceed. Not a single pharmaceutical company has joined the World Health Organization’s voluntary facility for sharing technology, the Covid-19 Technology Access Pool (C-TAP).
Governments in the US, Europe and elsewhere, having given large subsidies to develop the approved vaccines, can and should press the companies to share the knowledge that public money helped provide. We know this can be done, because the Biden administration has already persuaded Johnson & Johnson to share its technology with Merck to boost domestic production of its single-dose vaccine. Surely the other companies that have benefited from public support could be pressed to do the same with producers around the world.
In the meantime, the TRIPS waiver could increase vaccine production in other ways as well. Moderna, which relied almost completely on US government funding, has already declared that it will not enforce its patent. But its messenger-RNA vaccine uses some knowledge that it has licensed (and paid for) from other companies, which could in turn sue any other producer using the same technology.
The TRIPS waiver would eliminate this possibility, allowing production to be scaled up rapidly. With Moderna now indicating that it will produce three billion doses in 2022 alone, the mRNA vaccines are apparently quite amenable to expanded production. They are also said to be easily adapted to account for new variants.
Public production
The case for public production of such vaccines is clear. ‘For less than the US government spends on the Covid-19 response daily,’ notes the health advocacy organisation PrEP4All, ‘it can build a facility to produce enough mRNA vaccine manufacturing capacity to vaccinate the entire world in one year, with each dose costing only $2.’
The case for public production becomes even stronger when one considers that private vaccine producers have little financial incentive to meet current global needs. Once the pandemic is contained, the demand for vaccines is likely to revert to much lower ‘normal’ levels. To win the race against the virus, we must build and deploy public manufacturing capacities in the US and other countries. And when Covid-19 is brought to heel, these facilities should be maintained for future pandemics.
The world desperately needs the TRIPS waiver and stronger measures to ensure the transfer of knowledge and technology to produce Covid-19 vaccines. But we also need to start preparing for equally exceptional circumstances in the future. The knowledge on which our health and prosperity depend must be both publicly funded and publicly disseminated.
Republication forbidden—copyright Project Syndicate 2021, ‘Next steps for a people’s vaccine’
Jayati Ghosh is professor of economics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She is co-chair of the Independent Commission for the Reform of International Corporate Taxation and a member of the UN secretary-general’s High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism and the World Health Organization's Council on the Economics of Health for All.