Ronald Janssen
The IMF has recently released its latest World Economic Outlook (WEO) Update pointing to persistently weak growth and another downward revision of its projected growth rates for 2016 and 2017 by 0.2 percentage points in each year. Despite this, the IMF’s growth trajectory still sees the world economy recovering slightly from the weakness it experienced last year (see Graph 1).
Graph 1: Outlook for world economic growth
Source: IMF World Economic Outlook Update and Natixis Flash Economie, 6/1/2016, nr. 20
From past experience, however, we know that forecasters tend to underestimate economic downturns while overestimating the recovery. Given the vast list of negative shocks and developments that are or will be hitting the economy, this time may NOT be different:
- In the US, the labour market is not in brilliant shape (unemployment numbers are low but the participation rate has fallen, there is no or little sign of accelerating wage dynamics either). At the same time, its economy is in its sixth year of economic expansion, a timing usually linked to the turning of the business cycle. The Fed’s decision to start raising interest rates in December 2015 would point in the same direction of a weakening business cycle (or rather one that is de facto being weakened because of monetary policy slowing it down).
- In the UK, growth over recent years has been driven by household expenditure, which in turn was based on the reappearance of a certain real estate bubble. Now, however, household demand for new mortgages is decelerating. If the renewed real estate bubble came to a standstill or went into reverse, the UK’s growth performance would suffer.
- In Japan, while ‘Abenomics’ is injecting short bursts of demand and growth into the economy, it is failing to kick start the process by which growth becomes self-sustained as real wages keep lagging behind productivity (see Graph 2). Even if the government seems to have rediscovered the value of coordinated collective bargaining in steering the economy away from deflation and in redistributing high but idle corporate cash reserves back to workers, too many jobs in Japan remain precarious, part time and hence underpaid.
Graph 2: Evolution of real wages and productivity per head in Japan since 2002
Source: Natixis, Flash Economie, 06/01/2016
- Meanwhile, the Euro area keeps struggling with its own contradictions: the policy choice that policy makers made on replacing the missing instrument of currency devaluation by an internal devaluation of wages keeps feeding into disinflation. Combine this drive for downwards wage flexibility with other factors such as headline inflation already at zero due to falling oil prices, inflation expectations back on a downwards trend, record high levels of (public but also private!) debt loads, piles of non-performing loans in several parts of the euro area banking system and, last but not least, a Stability Pact or Fiscal Compact that keeps pushing several member states (notably Spain, France, Italy) into fiscal austerity – it becomes clear that the world economy cannot count on the Euro area to drive growth. The opposite is the case: with a current account surplus approaching a level of 3.7% of GDP, the Euro Area is subtracting even more demand and growth from the world economy than before (and more demand than China or Japan, recording a current account surplus of 3% and 3.3% respectively).
- In the emerging part of the world, China is caught in the same trap of capitalist exuberance, over-indebtedness and over-investment that other economies have come to know so very well. As can be seen from the graphs below, since 2008, corporate (non-financial) sector debt has gone into overdrive, increasing from around 100% to almost 150% of GDP.
Graph 3: Nonfinancial Corporate Debt in China
Source: IMF, Assessing China’ s corporate sector vulnerabilities, WP 15/72
Sooner or later, however, overinvestment results in overcapacity, translating into downwards pressure on prices: Indeed, producer prices in China (see PPI line in Graph 4) are now falling at a pace of 5%. In addition to this, the exchange rate of the Chinese currency is also coming under pressure so that the problem of producer price deflation is not just limited to China but is also exported to the rest of the world.
Graph 4: GDP deflator and Producer Price Index in China
Source: Natixis. Flash Economie, 06/01/2016
- The other big emerging economies (such as Brazil, South Africa) constitute the next domino. Their exports come under pressure as a result of weakening import demand from China for their commodities or from the competitive softening of the Chinese currency. And, while the financial market turmoil that accompanies this will push the exchange rate of these economies down further, it will also result in higher interest rates (monetary policy becoming restrictive in an attempt to keep financial capital inside the country so as to limit the currency’s decline), which will then stifle overall economic growth.
Two Reflections Going Forward
- The IMF itself, at least implicitly, recognizes part of the concerns mentioned above as it writes that risks are ‘tilted to the downside’. It identifies these as: ‘a generalised slowdown in emerging markets, China’s rebalancing, lower commodity prices, and the gradual exit from extraordinarily accommodative monetary conditions in the US”.
- While at Davos, the world government and business leaders discussed the ‘future of work’- it is also important to look at the ‘present state of work’. Judging from the above, one cannot ignore that the world economy is heading for another cycle of weakening growth and this, at the very moment when price and inflationary pressures are already at too low levels. If, as has been the case in the past, this new slowdown triggers a further deceleration of inflation dynamics, too low inflation will become outright deflation with all of its dire economic consequences (rising real interest rates, increased real burden of debt, falling aggregate demand, and ultimately, even more intense deflation). In that case, policy makers would do well to consider that strong and robust systems of collective bargaining do not only tend to control for rising inequalities (as evidenced by a recent IMF report but that, by keeping the level and dynamics of nominal wages up, they can also play a key role in breaking the vicious circle whereby falling prices and falling wages chase each other.
To illustrate the latter, consider Graph 5 showing that unit labour cost dynamics have become particularly compressed and, especially in the case of Japan and the Euro area, are way out of line with minimal inflation targets of 2% or between 2% and 3%. The conclusion is straightforward: If central bankers want to steer the economy away from the edge of deflation and revive modest inflation rates, they would do well to start considering strong and coordinated systems of collective bargaining as a way to uphold price stability and re-anchor inflation expectations.
Graph 5: Nominal unit wage costs, annual percentage increase
Source: European Commission, 2015
Ronald Janssen is senior economic adviser to the Trade Union Advisory Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. He was formerly chief economist at the European Trade Union Confederation.