Norway, Ireland and Spain have recognised the state of Palestine, pressuring others to follow suit as Israel continues its assault on Gaza.
Ireland, Spain and Norway have broken with the majority of European Union member states by formally recognising Palestine as an independent state. This follows the Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Barbados, which did the same earlier this year, bringing the number of members of the United Nations that recognise Palestine to 143 out of 193.
On May 10th, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution giving new rights to Palestine within the organisation and calling on the Security Council to admit it as a full member. This has not happened yet because the United States keeps vetoing the decision.
But, unlike the vast majority of UN member states which supported the resolution, most EU members did not. Most still do not recognise a Palestinian state and the war in Gaza has made the differences in how they treat Palestine obvious. As a result, Spain’s wished-for joint recognition by EU member states has not been possible. Such big decisions require consensus—and currently there isn’t one among EU governments.
This is not to say that the EU is completely neutral on Palestinian statehood. The European Council supports the right of Palestinians to have a state alongside that of Israel, although recently the president of the council came out in favour of full recognition. And, for years, the EU has given money and expertise to try to assist in building a Palestinian state—but has stopped short of recognising it.
This lack of consensus has undermined political support for EU peace initiatives in the region. That is despite the fact that the European Commission has been engaged in the peace process and has reaffirmed its commitment to a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, most recently by proposing a ten-point roadmap.
This is not the only time the sensitive issue of recognition has created divisions among EU member states. National governments have also not managed to agree a common position on the statehood of Kosovo, which declared independence in 2008.
The European Parliament
Unlike decisions at the European Council, European Parliament decisions do not require consensus. This is one of the reasons the assembly has had a stronger and more positive voice on Palestinian statehood.
Strictly speaking, the parliament does not have the official capacity to recognise states (this is something mostly done by governments). And yet, for a decade now the parliament has expressed support for the recognition of Palestinian statehood and the two-state solution. It has said that recognition should happen simultaneously with the development of peace talks. In January a resolution by the parliament also condemned Israel’s illegal settlements and called on the EU to contribute actively to the middle-east peace process.
The parliament mantains a delegation for working with parliamentarians of the Palestinian state. Our research shows that setting up delegations with those seeking recognition as states is another avenue through which the parliament has been important for recognition matters.
Over the past few months, this delegation has met to discuss the impact of the war on Gaza and the west bank. Members of the delegation are some of the most vocal supporters of Palestinian rights in the EU. For example, the chair has condemned Israel’s war on Gaza, the killing of Palestinians during aid distribution and the suspension of funding to the UN Relief and Works Agency by some donor countries.
The parliament has also hosted robust debates on Palestine. Shortly after a resolution passed by the parliament favouring Palestinian statehood, in 2016 the president of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, visited the parliament and thanked MEPs for their recognition.
In recent debates on the humanitarian situation in Gaza, there have been different opinions in the chamber. In March the majority voted in favour of a resolution calling for a ceasefire, the immediate release of all hostages and the dismantling of Hamas. But MEPs from the Left group voted against the resolution, arguing that making the ceasefire conditional on the end of Hamas would mean that ‘the resolution stands with Israel’.
Necessary momentum
Could the parliament’s support for Palestine and the recent recognitions by major EU member states mean that more states will change their position? When, in 2014, Sweden recognised Palestine, hopes that other member states would do the same were disappointed. But this time things might be different. The co-ordination of recognition by Ireland, Norway and Spain might create the necessary momentum.
Reports suggest that Malta, Slovenia and Belgium are considering following suit, while eyes will also be on big players, including France. The fact that the new recognitions have been done in the name of supporting a two-state solution—something that is generally favoured by EU member states—might also strengthen the hand of those now keener to recognise a Palestinian state. It will exert pressure on more sceptical European capitals to reconsider.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence
George Kyris is an associate professor of international relations at the University of Birmingham. He concentrates on state recognition and international organisations, especially in the context of conflicts over statehood, unrecognised states and the European Union.
Bruno Theodoro Luciano is an MSCA postdoctoral fellow at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, affiliated to the Department of Research and Studies in International Politics and the Institute of European Studies. He is co-editor of the journal Contemporary European Politics.