Social Europe

  • EU Forward Project
  • YouTube
  • Podcast
  • Books
  • Newsletter
  • Membership

Fair wages are key to Europe’s recovery

Esther Lynch 20th October 2020

Ensuring a high wage floor in the EU is not just the right thing to do to lift the low paid but is integral to recovery from the pandemic.

fair wages, wage floor
Esther Lynch

Standing up to the powerful is never easy, but the European Commission president, Ursula von der Leyen, needs to do exactly that if she is to keep her promise to deliver fair minimum wages for all in the European Union. Combatting exploitation cannot be achieved by recommendations or examples of best practice—the EU needs a directive. First and foremost, the directive should strengthen the right to collective bargaining between trade unions and employers, already shown to be the best way of securing fair pay.

The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) supports a strong EU initiative to end exploitation and ensure all workers earn enough to escape poverty and live in dignity. We have carried out extensive consultations with our affiliates across Europe—representing 45 million workers—on the proposals put forward by the commission, following von der Leyen’s pledge to ensure a minimum wage that secures a decent standard of living. One thing is clear: new legislation must not encroach upon existing national collective-bargaining systems which are already delivering good results.

High road

But that does not mean EU action is not possible nor required. Too many workers in Europe are denied the right to collective bargaining. This means the EU has to adopt a dual approach: blocking the low road of competition on exploitative low wages and paving the high road of collective bargaining. 

Blocking the low road means obliging member states to end exploitative low pay. The directive is necessary to stop ‘social dumping’, when member states compete on low wages and set worker against worker in a disastrous race to the bottom. The EU does not have the power under its treaties to set an EU-wide minimum wage level—wage-setting is a national competence—but it can legally oblige member states to ensure decent pay, in consultation with social partners (trade unions and employers).

At the same time, paving the high road should entail progressively raising the lower wage levels to meet the highest standards across Europe. Member states with weak collective-bargaining systems should have to draw up national action plans to increase the number of workers covered by collective agreements. To be effective, such plans need to include positive measures: rights for trade unions and funding to underpin social dialogue.

Procurement rules

For example, public-procurement rules should make recognition of the right to trade union organisation and collective bargaining one of the conditions imposed on companies tendering for public contracts. Public bodies spend around €2 trillion (14 per cent of gross domestic product) a year in the EU on purchasing goods and services. This could be invested in securing fair wages and improving working conditions, rather than fuelling wage competition to achieve ever-lower prices. Companies which refuse to bargain or implement collective agreements should be barred from state contracts, grants and other financial support, including recovery funding under Next Generation EU.



Don't miss out on cutting-edge thinking.


Join tens of thousands of informed readers and stay ahead with our insightful content. It's free.



Effective collective bargaining, following the Nordic example, means that trade unions must have the right to gain access to workplaces, physically and digitally, and to organise workers without the threat of victimisation. Employers should be legally obliged to recognise, and negotiate with, unions.

The directive should incorporate a social progress clause, to guarantee trade union prerogatives and protect collective bargaining and the autonomy of social partners against damaging court rulings.

Poverty risk

In 17 of the 21 member states (plus the United Kingdom) which currently apply minimum wages, rates are so low they leave workers at risk of poverty. This scandalous state of affairs must change. A fair, national, statutory minimum wage rate should be at least 60 per cent of the median wage and 50 per cent of the average wage. Minimum wages should not be eroded by deductions for other costs, such as uniforms or breakages, and must not include bonuses and tips. And young people should no longer be exploited through unpaid internships and other forms of low-paid or unpaid ‘work experience’.

Those member states which currently set wages exclusively through collective bargaining should never be obliged to introduce a statutory system, and those who believe the ETUC would back such a policy have misunderstood. Having a statutory minimum wage is not an alternative to collective bargaining. This measure should be about bringing the Nordic levels of collective bargaining and wages to the rest of the EU, not imposing statutory minimum wages on the Nordic countries.

On the contrary, the directive should oblige member states to invest in building collective bargaining as an essential element of the EU treaty requirement for a social-market economy driving towards greater equality and upward wage convergence. It must not hold back wage growth in individual countries or prevent social partners at national level from making progress on increasing wages, including minimum wages.

Collective bargaining

Collective bargaining coverage (see figure) plays a key role in wage levels and in preventing exploitative low wages. In nine of the 11 countries with the lowest proportion of employees earning low wages (less than two-thirds of the national median), more than 70 per cent of the workers enjoy pay rates negotiated by trade unions. On the other hand, across the EU, 76 million workers (39 per cent) are excluded from collective agreements. 

The commission recognises that ‘countries with higher collective bargaining coverage tend to have a lower proportion of low-paid workers’. But instead of strengthening bargaining, past EU stances, for example country-specific recommendations, have tended to decentralise and weaken bargaining systems.

Collective bargaining coverage (percentage of workforce) 2016-2018, with 2000 for comparison

Picture 1 1
Source: ICTWSS database version 6.1

Measures in the forthcoming directive must ensure that all workers can be covered by collective bargaining—not just in traditional manufacturing sectors but also in services, as well as the self-employed and freelances, platform, domestic and homeworkers. These groups must not be prevented from organising collectively by misplaced ‘competition’ rules.

Furthermore, as more and more people work from home as a consequence of the coronavirus, we cannot allow distance to undermine trade union organisation and solidarity.

Fatal error

In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, European governments made the fatal error of attacking bargaining systems in the name of austerity. The EU must learn from its past mistakes as it struggles to recover from the pandemic. This time around, fair wages must be a key component of Europe’s recovery strategy. 

The support of the ETUC cannot be taken for granted, and we will assess the proposals when they are published in light of the six demands set out in our reply to the commission:

  • involvement of social partners;
  • a threshold of decency below which no statutory minimum wage should be paid;
  • an end to exclusions and deductions from statutory minimum wages;
  • a guarantee of the right to collective bargaining, with national action plans to increase the number of workers covered by collective agreements;
  • a social progress clause to prevent bad interpretations by the courts, and
  • no damage to effective collective-bargaining systems—in particular no member state should be required, directly or indirectly, to introduce a statutory minimum wage.

This column is sponsored by the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC).
Esther Lynch
Esther Lynch

Esther Lynch was elected general secretary of the European Trade Union Confederation in December 2022. She has extensive trade union experience at Irish, European and international levels, starting with her election as a shop steward in the 1980s.

Harvard University Press Advertisement

Social Europe Ad - Promoting European social policies

We need your help.

Support Social Europe for less than €5 per month and help keep our content freely accessible to everyone. Your support empowers independent publishing and drives the conversations that matter. Thank you very much!

Social Europe Membership

Click here to become a member

Most Recent Articles

u421983467e464b43d2 1 Why European Security and Sovereignty Depend on Its Digital SectorMariana Mazzucato
u42198346c3fba71fa474 0 As Temperatures Rise, European Workers Face a Looming ThreatMarouane Laabbas-el-Guennouni
u42198346741 4727 89fd 94e15c3ad1d4 3 Europe Must Prepare for Security Without AmericaAlmut Möller
6ybe7j6ybe Why Real Democracy Needs Conflict, Not ConsensusJustus Seuferle
u4219837 46fc 46e5 a3c1 4f548d13b084 2 Europe’s Bid for Autonomy: The Euro’s Evolving Global RoleGuido Montani

Most Popular Articles

u4219834647f 0894ae7ca865 3 Europe’s Businesses Face a Quiet Takeover as US Investors CapitaliseTej Gonza and Timothée Duverger
u4219834674930082ba55 0 Portugal’s Political Earthquake: Centrist Grip Crumbles, Right AscendsEmanuel Ferreira
u421983467e58be8 81f2 4326 80f2 d452cfe9031e 1 “The Universities Are the Enemy”: Why Europe Must Act NowBartosz Rydliński
u42198346761805ea24 2 Trump’s ‘Golden Era’ Fades as European Allies Face Harsh New RealityFerenc Németh and Peter Kreko
startupsgovernment e1744799195663 Governments Are Not StartupsMariana Mazzucato
u421986cbef 2549 4e0c b6c4 b5bb01362b52 0 American SuicideJoschka Fischer
u42198346769d6584 1580 41fe 8c7d 3b9398aa5ec5 1 Why Trump Keeps Winning: The Truth No One AdmitsBo Rothstein
u421983467 a350a084 b098 4970 9834 739dc11b73a5 1 America Is About to Become the Next BrexitJ Bradford DeLong
u4219834676ba1b3a2 b4e1 4c79 960b 6770c60533fa 1 The End of the ‘West’ and Europe’s FutureGuillaume Duval
u421983462e c2ec 4dd2 90a4 b9cfb6856465 1 The Transatlantic Alliance Is Dying—What Comes Next for Europe?Frank Hoffer

S&D Group in the European Parliament advertisement

Cohesion Policy

S&D Position Paper on Cohesion Policy post-2027: a resilient future for European territorial equity

Cohesion Policy aims to promote harmonious development and reduce economic, social and territorial disparities between the regions of the Union, and the backwardness of the least favoured regions with a particular focus on rural areas, areas affected by industrial transition and regions suffering from severe and permanent natural or demographic handicaps, such as outermost regions, regions with very low population density, islands, cross-border and mountain regions.

READ THE FULL POSITION PAPER HERE

ETUI advertisement

HESA Magazine Cover

With a comprehensive set of relevant indicators, presented in 85 graphs and tables, the 2025 Benchmarking Working Europe report examines how EU policies can reconcile economic, social and environmental goals to ensure long-term competitiveness. Considered a key reference, this publication is an invaluable resource for supporting European social dialogue.

DOWNLOAD HERE

Eurofound advertisement

Ageing workforce
The evolution of working conditions in Europe

This episode of Eurofound Talks examines the evolving landscape of European working conditions, situated at the nexus of profound technological transformation.

Mary McCaughey speaks with Barbara Gerstenberger, Eurofound's Head of Unit for Working Life, who leverages insights from the 35-year history of the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS).

Listen to the episode for free. Also make sure to subscribe to Eurofound Talks so you don’t miss an episode!

LISTEN NOW

Foundation for European Progressive Studies Advertisement

Spring Issues

The Spring issue of The Progressive Post is out!


Since President Trump’s inauguration, the US – hitherto the cornerstone of Western security – is destabilising the world order it helped to build. The US security umbrella is apparently closing on Europe, Ukraine finds itself less and less protected, and the traditional defender of free trade is now shutting the door to foreign goods, sending stock markets on a rollercoaster. How will the European Union respond to this dramatic landscape change? .


Among this issue’s highlights, we discuss European defence strategies, assess how the US president's recent announcements will impact international trade and explore the risks  and opportunities that algorithms pose for workers.


READ THE MAGAZINE

Hans Böckler Stiftung Advertisement

WSI Report

WSI Minimum Wage Report 2025

The trend towards significant nominal minimum wage increases is continuing this year. In view of falling inflation rates, this translates into a sizeable increase in purchasing power for minimum wage earners in most European countries. The background to this is the implementation of the European Minimum Wage Directive, which has led to a reorientation of minimum wage policy in many countries and is thus boosting the dynamics of minimum wages. Most EU countries are now following the reference values for adequate minimum wages enshrined in the directive, which are 60% of the median wage or 50 % of the average wage. However, for Germany, a structural increase is still necessary to make progress towards an adequate minimum wage.

DOWNLOAD HERE

Social Europe

Our Mission

Team

Article Submission

Advertisements

Membership

Social Europe Archives

Themes Archive

Politics Archive

Economy Archive

Society Archive

Ecology Archive

Miscellaneous

RSS Feed

Legal Disclosure

Privacy Policy

Copyright

Social Europe ISSN 2628-7641